fome of the strongest female elephants with thick ropes to go along fide of him, and endeavour to entangle him with noofes and running knots; the attempt was vain, as he fnapped every rope, and none of the tame elephants could ftop his progrefs. The Nawab, per ceiving it impoffible to catch him, er dered his death, and immediately a vol ley of above 100 fhots were fired; many of the balls hit him, but he feemed into the bufh, and ten or twelve elephants just then pufhed into the thicket, alarmed the tiger, and obliged him to run out towards the Nawab, who inftantly gave him a warm reception, and, with the affiftance of fome of his Omraos, laid the tiger fprawling on his fide as dead as a ftone. A loud fhout of cuba! wha! proclaimed the victory; and those who had been too timid to approach before, from idle apprehenfion, affumed their valour, and rushed unconcerned, and moved on towards on the fallen hero with flaughtering the mountains; we kept up an inceffant fwords. On elephants there is no dan- fire for near half an hour; the Nawab ger in encountering these favage beasts, and most of his Omraos used rifles which which you know from repeated trials. I carried two or three ounce balls, but have been at the killing of above thirty they made very little impreffion; the tigers, and feldom faw any one hurt: if balls juft entered the skin and lodged you recollect, I was once thrown off there. 1 went up repeatedly, being my elephant on one, and escaped with mounted on a female elephant, within a bruise. The next sport we had of any magnitude was the attack on a wild elephant, which we met a few days after the battle with the tiger: we efpied him on a large plain overgrown with grafs. The Nawab, eager for fuch diverfions, immediately formed a femicircle with 400 elephants,' who were directed to advance on and encircle him. This was the first wild elephant I had ever feen attacked, and confefs I did not feel very eafy; however I kept along fide of his Excellency, determined to take my chance. When the femicircle of elephants got within 300 yards of the wild one, he looked amazed, but not frightened; two large must clephants of the Nawab's were ordered to advance against him; when they ap proached within 20 yards, he charged them; the fhock was dreadful; however, the wild one conquered, and drove the muft elephants before him. As he paffed us, the Nawab ordered Maf elephants are those who are in high rut; they are then very unmanageable, bold, favage, and dangerous. The male elephant becomes muf at a certain age, which fome fay is forty years; the must elephants are the only ones who will dare to face a wild one; they are alfo ufed in the elephant-fights exhibited before the Princes of India. ten yards of the wild one, and fired my rifle at his head; the blood gushed out but the fkull was invulnerable. Some of the Kandahar horse galloped up to the wild elephant, and made cuts at him with their fabres; he charged the horsemen, wounded fome, and killed others. Being now much exhaufted with the lofs of blood, having received above 3000 fhots, and many strokes of the fabre, he flackened his pace, quite calm and ferene, as if determined to meet his approaching end with the undaunted firmnefs of a hero. I could not at this time refrain from pitying fo noble an animal, and thought I faw in him the great Epaminondas incompaffed by the Lacedemonians, at the battle of Mantineia. The horfemen seeing him weak and flow difmounted, and with their fwords began a furious attack on the tendons of his hind legs; they were foon cut; unable to proceed, this noble monarch of the woods ftaggered, looked with an eye of reproach mixed with contempt at his unfeeling foes, and then fell without a groan, like a mountain thrown on its fide. The Hatchetmen now advanced, and commenced an attack on his large ivory tufks, whilft the horfemen and foldiers, with barbarous infult, began a cruel and degrading af fault fault on the extended hero; to try the fharpness of their fabres; difplay the ftrength of their arm, and fhew their invincible courage. The fight was very affecting; he ftill breathed, and breathed without a groan; he rolled his eyes with anguish on the furrounding crowd; and, making a last effort to rife, expired with a figh! Thus has many a brave Roman met his fate, overcome by fuperior numbers. The Nawab returned to his tents, as much Aufhed with vanity and exultation as Achilles; and the remainder of the day, and many a day after, were dedicated to repeated Barrations of this victory, which was ornamented and magnified by all the combined powers of ingenious flattery and unbounded exaggeration. Sooth'd with the found, the Prince grew vain, Fought all his battles o'er again, thrice he flew the flain. : lexicon ye could find terms to convey a refemblance of the scene I faw, and now endeavour to defcribe. When we had arrived at the eaftern extremity of the lake, we perceived a large drove of wild elephants feeding and gamboling at the foot of the mountains; I counted above 170. At this critical moment Mr Conway, a gentleman in the Nawab's service, fell off his elephant, owing to the animal's flipping his forefoot into a concealed hole; Mr Conway was much bruifed, pale, and almolt fenfelefs; the Nawab stopped to put him into a palankeen, and fent him back to the encampment. This gave the wild elephants time to gaze on our dreadful front, and recover from their amaze; many of them fcampered off towards the hills. The Nawab divided our line of 1200 elephants into four bodies, and fent them in purfuit of the wild ones which they were to take or destroy I remained with the divifion From the mountains we directed our attached to the Narvab; we attacked a course towards Buckra Feel, where we large male elephant, and after a long arrived on the 4th December. Buckra conteft killed him in the fame manner, Fel is a large lake about three miles as the one I have already defcribed; round at its most contracted existence, we killed alfo four fmaller ones, and and about 30 in its extenfive period; our divifion, including the other three, furrounded by thick and high grafs, at caught 21 elephants which we led to the foot of the Gorackpoor hills; the our encampment in high triumph. I Jungle which entours the lake is full of have only given a fhort account of this wild elephants, rhinocerofes, tigers, grand hunt, as it is impoffibie for the leopards, wild buffalos, deer, and every moft fplendid language to defcribe what fpecies of aerial game. This was the we faw and felt. The confufion to place deftined for the grand hunt, which mult, noife, firing, fhrieking, and roarwe were daily taught to expect with ing of 1200 tame elephants attacked pleafing anxiety, by the florid defcrip- and attacking 170 wild ones, all in ter tions of his Excellency. On the 5th of rible diforder toffed, formed a dreadful December, early in the morning, we melange which cannot be imagined by were fummoned to the Sylvan war: a the most luxuriant fancy; to attempt therefore a delineation would be to inline of 1200 elephants was drawn up on the north of the lake, facing the jure the fublime fubject. There were eaft; and we proceeded rapidly through above 10,000 fhots fired from all quargrafs with minds glowing with the ex- ters; and, confidering the confufion, I pectation of the magnanimious sport we am furprifed the fcene was not more fhould meet. Lay down your pipes ye bloody on our fide; about twenty men were killed and maimed, and near half country fquires, who boaft in fuch pomI had two rifles pous language the deftruction of a poor fox or pufe, and fay in what fplendid a dozen of horfes. and two double barrels, and a boy to load load for me in the Khawas; yet I day might, without amplification, be ef could not fire quick enough, though I timated at 50,000 rupees ; but you expended 400 balls. Many of our know the love of lucre was not our aim. tame elephants, who were muft, and From Bukra Feel we came to Faizebad brought to oppofe the wild ones, were where we repofed for three weeks, to knocked down, bruifed, pierced, and recover from the great fatigue we had made to fly; the largest elephant we undergone. After a gay fcene of evekilled was above ten feet high t, and ry fpecies of oriental amufement and would have fold for 20,000 rupees if diffipation, we returned to this place, it had been caught. Our prize of this having killed in our excurfion eight ti* The Khawas is a place in the rear of gers, fix elephants, and caught twentythe bowda, where the attendant fits. The one. To enumerate the other kinds bowda is a carriage or box like the body of a of game would require a fheet as ample phaeton, tied on the back of an elephant, where as the petition which was presented to Junggaze Khan; and might perhaps be treated by you in the manner that Conqueror treated the petition. Adieu. I am, my dear Sir, Your fincere friend, L. F. SMITH. the rider is feated. Travellers fay there are elephants 16 feet high, but this is the language of romance; I never faw one II feet high, and I have feen above fome thousands. The Nawab gives extravagant prices for large elephants, and he has none 11 feet high. 250cl. fterling. Above Coool. fterling. From Europ. Mag. ANECDOTES RELATIVE TO THE MANNERS OF MANCHESTER. ABOUT the year 1690, there was book, under the date 1700, are differ a great quarrel between the master and ent fums paid for two of his daughters fcholars of the grammar fchool. The who were at London in the house of a boys locked themselves in the fchool, perfon who managed a warehouse for and were fupplied by the town's people him. Among the reft is paid for a with victuals and beds, which were put in at the windows. They even got fire arms and ammunition, which they employed in firing at the legs of perfons who attempted to get in. This petty rebellion continued a fortnight, fomewhat to the difgrace of those who ought to have exerted a better difcipline. fpinnet 51. 3s. In the fame book, in 1701, is paid 26!. 18s. 9d. for a journey to Scarborough, and hire of a coach 131. 6s. zd. This was the fea bathing place of the time, for the journey was on account of a child five years old, who died there; and at her funeral, though fo young, there was paid for In 1693, a manufacturer, being in gloves 21. 5s. When this reputable London, learned that one of his cuf- perfon went to London, his conftant tomers, a mercer in Manchefter, was annual luxuries were Brunswick mum, bound in a large fum for a Londoner beer, and tobacco. In the expences who was expected to break he there- for 1702, there is a charge, for the upon prudently wrote to his wife to go first time, of ten fhillings for coffee and and dun the mercer, adding, "if thou tea. His houfe rent was forty pounds canft not get money, take goods-thou per annum, perhaps including his waremayft buy thyself a filk manteau and houfe. For feveral years, ten fhillings petticoat." For a fenfible and frugal a quarter is put down for chapel wages, man, who fet out with very little capi- or his fubfcription to the diffenting tal, to fend fuch an order to his wife, meeting-houfe. In 1704, is five pounds proves that thofe articles of finery were not at that time very uncommon. In a manufacturer's private expence for an afs; an enormous price for the time, from which it is probable that few were then bred near Manchester, For For the fame year is 21. 10s. for a per- pany. The hour of afternoon vifiting was then two o'clock, fo that for fome years after her marriage, fhe had always finifhed her vifit foon enough to go to the Old Church prayers at four. They then dined at twelve; and there being no fuch thing as a hair-dreffer, it was eafy to be ready for visiting at two. From Aikin's Hiftory of Manchester. riwig, but this was preparatory to a wedding, and double the price of thofe charged before. This was an expenfive piece of finery for fuch frugal times. A proof of the early hours then kept appears in the following fact: in 1705, a manufacturer married a phyfician's daughter, who had been genteelly edu cated, and kept a good deal of com AN HISTORICAL ACCOUNT OF THE COMMERCE AND SHIPPING OF ENGLAND, FROM THE ACCESSION OF ED. VI. IN THE period was now arrived when, the general interefts of nations being better understood, commerce began to be ellimated at its due value, and to be guarded and encouraged by treaties, as the beft fupply of wealth for impofts, and mariners for foreign expeditions. It was not however in a reign like that of Edward VI. foured by domef tic turbulence, nor like that of Mary, when bigotry and rapacioufnefs by turns guided the ftate, that any attention was likely to be paid where fo much was due. Yet, under the narrow-minded confort of Philip, the adventurous mariner pursued his way to wealth and knowledge, totally without encouragement from is needy monarch, but unmolefted by her avidity; a fate milder than that of the manufacturer, whofe property lay always in her view, and afforded perpetual temptation to the rapacity of defpotifin. The clofe of 1558, introduced a new reign and new encouragements to commercial enterprizes and difcoveries. Elizabeth, confcious what addition both to the strength and wealth of the nation muft accrue from the extenfion of her trade, appears to have wifhed fincerely well to the caufe both of commerce and of manufacture; altho' her private intereft, and the inceffant perfecutions of her avaricious favourites, betrayed her into the fatal measure of granting monopolies, and of creating exclufive companies, with exclufive privileges, fatal to the interests of her molt industrious fubjects. VOL. LIX. 1547, TO THAT OF JA. I. IN 1603. To her marine adventurers fhe was more juft, and fometimes, with caution, even liberal. In confequence we find the English commerce, under her aufpices, branching itfelf out with fucli vigour and variety, that to prevent confufion, it will be proper to treat of it under different heads, to point out the progrefs and fuccefs of each feparate commercial enterprize, according to the date of its commencement, and to touch at the clofe on the lefs productive fubjects of manufactures, discove ries, and colonies. Commerce with the Hanfe towns. THE Hanfe-towns, or Eafterlings, as they boaft the earlieft connection with England, demand the preference in hif tory. Their traders had long enjoyed a lucrative station in London. They had fostered the avidity of the fovereign by advancing loans of money, and the indolence of the merchant and mechanic by finding an immediate vent for his manufactures. As thefe men paid no more duty than one per cent. were buyers and fellers, brokers and carrier, (for none but Hanfeatic veffels were employed in the traffic) their profits were vaft; fo vaft indeed, that they tempted foreigners of opulence to refide in a city where yet they knew themfelves to be expofed to the conftant abufe of an unbridled populace, and to ftill more decifive injuries, whenever a dearth, a peftilence, or even a fevere impoft fhould four the minds of the citizens. 3 $ Th The fhort-lived miniftry of Warwick, burgh; from whence, in fpite of prounder Edward VI. fhook off these harsh hibitions, and every precaution which fetters from the commerce of England. the enemies of the trade could take, The Hanfeatic privileges were declared the excellence of the fabric, made the to be forfeited, and many reafons were English cloth received on the continent given for the ftrong and decifive mea- in greater quantities than ever. fure of placing an impoft of twenty per cent. on all their imports and exports *. Scarcely had the ftrangers time to complain of this feverity ere the acceffion of Mary, and her marriage with the fon of the German Emperor, reftored them to their privileges; a measure dictated probably more by caprice than reafon, fince it appears that the revoked her conceflions not long after the had granted them. The formation of the "Eaftland Company," in 1580, with powers from Elizabeth to trade in the Baltic, and, in 1597, the fhutting up of the Steelyard, long known as the refidence of the Eafterlings, completed the emancipation of English commerce from the Hanfeatic bondage. Nor could repeated fupplications, in 1602 and 1604, obtain a renewal of a privilege so noxious to native industry. It does not feem that the demife of The exports from England to the Mary made any alteration in favour of Haafe-towns were wool, cloths and the foreign merchants. They prefent- fringes, faffron, lead and tin, fheep and ed, indeed, repeated remonftrances to rabbit fkins, beer, cheese, and Medithe throne; and, finding no redress, terranean wines. While fhe received withdrew from the English commerce, from them, jewels, bullion, wrought hoping that neceflity would occafion filks, cloth of gold and filver, spices, their recal. This weak step only tend- drugs, linen, ferges, tapestry, madder, ed to convince the English merchants hops, glafs, falt fifh, arms, ammunition, that they could carry on their own and household-furniture. trade without the help of foreigners. They formed companies, built hips, and foon found the fweets of thefe ad- in the eighteenth century, was in the ditional profits which this new independence afforded them. Alarmed at thefe exertions, which menaced deftruction to their most profitable branch of trade, the Hanfeatics employed all their influence in the diet to prevent the importation of English cloth into Germany; and contrived by their intrigues, to oblige the fubjects of Elizabeth to remove their "ftaple," or cloth market, from port to port, until they found a kind reception at Ham Trade to Rufa. Russia, the terror of the continent fixteenth a vaft, but hardly civilized ftate, unconscious of its own power, infulted by the scarcely more favage Tar tars, and totally unknown to any Europeans, except to a few Flemish traders, who cautiously preferved the fecret, and enjoyed in filence the fweets of an exclufive commerce. Sir Hugh Willoughby, one of the few adventurous mariners of the fixth Edward's reign, animated by a liberal fubfcription of 6000!. fupplied by fortynine fharers, failed from Gravefend, • Perhaps the most effectual reafon for in May 1553, with three fmall veifels, the proceeding remained untold. During the in fearch of a fhort paffage to China, year before this regulation, the Eafterlings had exported 44,000 pieces of English cloth, (then termed " Cathay,") by the northand the English merchants only 1100. Be- eaft. The gallant knight, after dif fides, from the port of Southampton only, covering the ifle of Spitzbergen (or there had failed, for the Netherlands, fixty Greenland), met with fuch diflrefs thips laden with unmanufactured wool; a from ftorms and floating mountains of commodity of which thefe engroffers had beat down the price to eighteen-pence the ice, that, forced into the cruel latitude ftonc.-Anderfu of feventy-two north, he found himself, |