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five hundred acres. These walls are in some parts six feet high, and in others eight. One of them is more than a mile long. The ground immediately beyond where they terminate, at no great distance from each other, is occupied with more complex and much higher fortifications; in some parts twelve and even fifteen feet high, and more than a hundred feet diameter at the base. Here is a gateway with appropriate defences; and opposite, on an island in the river, is a circular citadel, still more strongly fortified. It appears to be a work quite worthy, in point of magnitude, of the Roman legions. The circumstance is worth mentioning-but it contributes nothing towards any conjecture at its age-that one of the mounds is almost covered with large cotton-trees, some of them three feet diameter. Such a work is palpable evidence of a prodigious difference between the present and some ancient state of the numbers and the habits of the possessors of these regions.

Near this spot they found a space of four acres all worked into narrow deep holes, inhabited by a race of animals called little dogs, which may sometimes be observed sitting and whistling at the top of the holes. These partly resemble a diminutive dog, and partly a squirrel. They were seen in many other places.-Some curious illustrations are given of the exquisite faculty of smelling, and the prodigious fleetness of the antelope.

From the Teton Okandandas, another considerable division of the Sioux, they encountered at first some rude and hostile treatment. But they promptly and resolutely braved the insolence down, and were rewarded by a grand Indian feast and ball. Both sexes,' says the journal, appeared cheerful and sprightly; but in our intercourse with them we discovered 'that they were cunning and vicious.'

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Every thing went off well among the next considerable tribe, the Rickaras, who very soon and very justly made a strong impression in their favour on their visiters, by the remarkable fact of a decided rejection of spirituous liquors.

Supposing that it was as agreeable to them as to the other Indians, we had at first offered them whiskey; but they refused it, with this sensible remark, that they were surprised that their father should present to them a liquor which would make them fools. On another occasion they observed to Mr. Tabeau, (a French trader,) that no man could be their friend who tried to lead them into such follies.'

They were exceedingly amazed at the sight of York, Captain Clarke's athletic negro, who amused himself and his comrades by assuring the wondering gazers that he had once been a wild beast, and caught and tamed by his master.

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It is not said whether, if this took effect, our Authors thought the joke so excellent as to be worth that these Indians should learn in process of time that they were never to believe any thing affirmed to them by the visiters, black or white, from the United States. Several valuable qualities are attributed to this nation, among which the Captains have too much decorum to reckon that gross excess of sexual licence, which was highly acceptable to most of the party. So far as we recollect, the leaders do not any where appear to regard this characteristic of the morality of their band as deserving of any other than a light satiric notice. The decencies of language, however, are in general tolerably preserved, Some curious instances are given of the superstitions of the Rickaras.

About the end of October the adventurers reached the villages of the Mandans, at the distance of sixteen hundred miles from St. Louis, reckoning by the serpentine course of the river, which they found still a noble one, after the surprising number of tributary streams which they had been continually leaving behind. The inclemencies of the season were now coming upon them with an ominous rapidity. But with a rival rapidity the dexterous and indefatigable gang, which really appears, by the efficiency of co-operation, like an individual many-handed monster, actuated by one will, built and furnished an ample, commodious, and fortified wooden barraek.

There were several villages of the Mandans, and the station soon became a very frequented and bustling scene. The Mandans themselves are a considerable number, and the place became a rendez-vous of parties of Minnetarees, Ahnahaways, Knistenaux, and Assiniboins; many of whom were drawn thither by the fame of the expedition, combining, however, their hunting, and their trading objects, with this curiosity, or rather self-interest-for many of them expected they were to receive rich presents from a party that carried along with them nobody could tell how much of the consequence, and power, and wealth, of the great nation that was claiming dominion from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

The relation of incidents furnishes a lively display of the condition and habits of the various tribes. The Mandans appear to have been on the whole the favourites, and with them a busy and amicable intercourse was maintained during the whole winter. They are rather a peculiar race, according to the accredited history of their acquisition of a place on the earth.

The whole nation originally resided in one large village under ground, near a subterraneous lake; a grape vine extended its roots

down to their habitation, and gave them a view of the light; some of the most adventurous climbed up the vine and were delighted with the sight of the earth, which they found covered with buffaloe and rich in every kind of fruits: returning with the grapes they had gathered, their countrymen were so pleased with the taste of them that the whole nation resolved to leave their dull re sidence for the charms of the upper region: men, women and children ascended by means of the vine; but when about half the nation had reached the surface of the earth, a corpulent woman, who was clambering up the vine, broke it with her weight, and closed upon herself and the rest of the nation the light' of the sun. Those on earth made a village below where we saw the nine villages; and when the Mandans die they expect to return to the village of their forefathers, the good reaching the ancient village by means of the lake, which the burden of the sins of the wicked will not enable (permit) them to cross.'

It is affirmed, in an unqualified manner, though we fear they were seldom called to their catechism on religious subjects, that they hold the belief of one great spirit presiding over their destinies;' and they maintain the beneficial relation with this being by means of mediators: each one selects, perhaps at the suggestion of accident, some object, either a supposed invisible agent, or more commonly some of the animal tribes, to be his protector and intercessor with the great spirit.' This seems rather a bad omen for the missionaries of rational Christianity,' whose zeal may be projecting to labour among them.

It is a remarkable circumstance, that they apply the term 'medicine' to these intercessors, and also to the great spirit. But the application of this term does not decidedly attribute goodness, for it is applied also to whatever strikes them as mysterious, and it is quite certain that what is mysterious will by ignorant and superstitious beings much oftener be felt to threaten evil, than intimations of good. And, in fact, the term is applied to some things that are dreaded. The essence of its signification among these unhappy pagans, would seem to be-power over which, and against which, they have no power,-power acting in such a way as to render it impossible to understand how either to resist or to escape.

This superstition is so sincere and strong, as to extort great sacrifices. ""I was lately owner of seventeen horses," said a Mandan to us one day, "but I have offered them all "up to my medicine, and am now poor." He had in reality taken all his wealth, his horses, into the plain, and turning 'them loose, committed them to the care of his medicine, and abandoned them for ever.' The occasion of a man's making any considerable sacrifice to what he may have adopted as his tutelary genius, or medicine,' is solemnized with a

festive ceremony called the medicine dance.' It is a religious ceremony; and it forms a striking addition to the evidence of facts, that it is in the essence of false religions to require vice as a part of their ritual. This consecration ceremony is a formal institute of sanctioned public prostitution. Away with that vile cant of pretended philosophy, that all religions are acceptable to the supreme Lord of the world.

There is another ceremony denominated the buffaloe dance,' which must involve some certain measure of superstition, as it is celebrated in order, professedly at least, to bring, by some unintelligible agency, a plenty of buffaloe into the neighbourhood, after they have become scarce. The description of it,' say our Authors, 'is not a little ludicrous;' an epithet which betrays, we think, not a little depravation of moral perception, in being applied to an exhibition so abominably gross. A rudely incorrect Latin is employed to describe it, and that stately language needs not apprehend being ever summoned on a much dirtier service.

It is a curious fact, though it has its parallel in many other barbarous communities, that among a tribe that we should naturally expect to find nearly all on a level in point of superstition, there are nevertheless some who are knowing enough to make dupes of the rest.

"The medicine stone is the great oracle of the Mandans, and whatever it announces is believed with implicit confidence. Every spring, and on some occasions during the summer, a deputation visits the sacred spot, where there is a thick porous stone, twenty feet in circumference, with a smooth surface. Having reached the place the ceremony of smoking to it is performed by the deputies, who alternately take a whiff themselves, and then present the pipe to the stone; after this they retire to an adjoining wood for the night, during which it may safely be presumed that all the embassy do not sleep; and in the morning they read the destinies of the nation in the white marks on the stone, which those who made them are at no loss to decypher. The Minnetarees have a stone of the same kind which has the same influence over the nation.'

There is a pleasing instance or two of affectionate kindness in these savages, counterpoised by instances of flagrant barbarity. The mention of a visit from the grand chief of the Minnetarees, introduces a story of one of his wives having eloped with a paramour, whose desertion of her compelled her to take refuge in her father's house. Thither the offended husband went, and found her sitting near the fire.

Without noticing his wife he began to smoke with the father; when they were joined by the old men of the village, who knowing his temper, had followed in hopes of appeasing him. He continued to smoke quietly with them, till rising to return, he took his wife by

the hair, led her as far as the door, and with a single stroke of his tomahawk put her to death before her father's eyes: then turning fiercely upon the spectators, he said that if any of her relations wished to avenge her, they might always find him at his lodge.'

This hideous transaction perhaps hardly violated the rule of right as admitted among these spectators; for among the Mandans, at least, according to our Authors, the simple fact of a wife's running away from her husband, gives him the right to put her to death. Such an infliction for such a cause, was in one instance only just prevented by the interference of the travellers. But the reader is not to fancy that these severities indicate the establishment of a high standard of conjugal morality among these rigorous justiciaries. There is nothing they hold in slighter esteem; they most willingly make a traffic of the persons of their wives and sisters, and also make temporary presents of them where they are disposed to oblige. But theirs must be the gain or the merit of the complaisance; and great is their indignation and sense of wrong, if the females presume of their own authority to dispose of themselves in such a way. Indeed, it is just the old story of lords and slaves, of owners and disposable property. The imposition of drudgery is inseparable from the degraded estimate; and we are repeatedly told of one or other chief bringing in a present of meat, sometimes a heavy one, on the back of his squaw,' himself walking much at his ease, and no doubt in all the upright dignity of manhood.

During some parts of the winter the party were threatened very seriously by the departure of the game' from the neighbourhood, with a scarcity of provisions. At these times one of their best resources was in the ingenuity and activity of their blacksmith, whose manufactures, being irresistibly tempting, and indeed many of them very valuable to the Indians, had the effect of extracting a very considerable portion of their boards of Indian corn, which, without some strong temptation, they bring out with reluctance, it being chiefly intended as a resource for emergencies.

The fort was in the 48th degree of latitude. The cold was sometimes quite formidable, the thermometer being in one or two instances at more than seventy degrees below the -freezing point. To these rigours the Indians manifest the most astonishing insensibility. One night, when the cold was of the intensity here mentioned, an Indian who had not been able to reach the fort, slept on the snow, in a slight dress, and without a fire, and was never the worse. A boy, indeed, in the same predicament, had his feet so frost-bitten, that he afterwards lost his toes. We are even still more surprised at the hardihood evinced by the men of the expedition themselves, in sustaining

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