werth on the Rhine, where the establishment has become so large that there are five hundred persons or more to be cared for from day to day. The writer of this article required two full hours to get a hurried view of only a part of the premises. There are nearly twenty branch establishments, at Jerusalem, Smyrna, Alexandria, etc. Kaiserswerth is the mother German Deaconess and training institution, and the entire deaconess work is one of the religious wonders of the age. The grain of mustard seed has already become a tree, and above two thousand deaconesses, at more than six hundred stations, are now at work; all the result of Fliedner's faith. In conclusion, a word may be said on the work which the Inner Mission undertakes, the further statement of it being reserved for another paper. It has been divided into deeds of Saving, Preserving, and Winning love. But the following six divisions are perhaps better: 1. Seeking the lost and restoring the erring through "rescues," reformatories, asylums for released prisoners, prison-associations, temperanceunions, and Magdalene asylums. 2. Preserving those exposed to danger, by the means of schools for little children, lodging homes for young men, homes and training institutions for young women, Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations, Seamen's homes, Christian boarding houses, houses for Christian students. 3. Care of the poor and sick, in industrial and working schools, orphan ages, relief associations, anti-begging associations, poor-houses,houses for the sick and disabled, institutions for sick children, institutions for idiots and the epileptic, for the blind and the dumb, and, lastly, the wardiaconate. 4. To strengthen believers, through Bible Societies, Book-societies, tracts, pictures, and other works of art; colporteurage; children's services; itinerant preaching; evangelical school union; Citizens' Christian Associations; Associations for young business men. 5. To care for the dispersed: The Gustav Adolph Association, Jerusalem Association, Societies for the German Protestant Missions in North America, Association for the evangelization of Spain, Society for the spread of the Gospel in France. 6. To bring together the estranged. This represents the work of the Inner Mission in the different ramifications of the social question, and includes the labour question, the workmen's dwellings question, the Sunday question, the servants' question and the woman question. The writer hopes to be able to compress into another article of the same size enough matter to give readers some idea of the several branches in these six divisions of the work done by the Inner Mission. To do justice to it a book of two hundred or three hundred pages at least would be required, for it is one of the most remarkable productions of modern Christianity. English Christians should by all means study it. 310 HISTORY OF INDIAN MISSIONS. BY THE REV. J. S. BANKS. FOURTH PAPER. SOUTH of Bombay lies the important city of Poona, the old Mahratta capital. Here three societies, with their net-work of auxiliaries, are successfully at work. Some Five of the stations in the Southern Mahratta country belong to the Basle Evangelical Society, who also exclusively occupy the eastern coast as far south as a little beyond Calicut. The Germans make excellent missionaries. of the best agents of the Church Mission in India were supplied by the Basle Society. Some German customs might scarcely commend themselves to us. The home committee chooses and sends out wives for its missionaries, and we have been assured by missionaries that the plan works excellently. German missionaries have been remarkable for their union of industrial training with preaching and teaching. Their industrial schools and establishments are on the most complete scale, and though there have been many vexatious failures, there has also been conspicuous success. The German temperament is sanguine and trustful, and Hindu cunning has known how to take advantage of this. At two places in the Southern Mahratta territory elaborate efforts were made to Christianize large classes by settling them on land obtained from the Government, but all that came of years of labour and anxiety was mortifying disappointment, as must always be the case where material help is made prominent and precedes instead of following conversion. There is a curious sect called followers of the Guru Nudi, Word of the Teacher, three hundred years old, whose tenets are a mixture of Hindu, Mohammedan and Christian elements. From the resemblance of some of their doctrines to those taught by missionaries, some of this sect have been led to embrace Christianity. The principal station is Mangalore, where the missionaries have tried and given up many experiments, sugar and coffee planting, watch and clock making, carpenters' and smiths' work. Printing seems to have succeeded better, and weaving better still. In 1858 thirty European looms were at work. Silkgrowing also promises well. It was found, writes a missionary, that "our object cannot be obtained so long as ordained missionaries, as such, are placed above the lay brethren; for if so, the latter will not only fail to command the necessary respect on the part of the natives, but the former also will be continually forced by appeals of the converts to take notice of their secular affairs. Only when ordained and unordained brethren are placed on the same footing, and a Christian spirit of co-operation exists among them, every one attending to that work to which he has been specially called, and thinking it a grace to serve the Lord in his part, can the full benefit of such a division of labour be secured. Such at least has been the experience in our mission." In South Canara the Tulu language is spoken, and in Malabar, about Calicut, Malayâlim, both without a literature, though they share with Tamil, Canarese and Telugu the honour of mention among the Dravidian languages. On the Neilgherry hills are found peculiar aboriginal tribes called Tôdas, Kôtas and Bagades, in whose welfare Mr. Casamajor, a Christian gentleman, took great | Travancore to the London Society, interest, leaving his property to the mission established among them. If we remember aright, it was thirty years before there was a single conversion among these tribes. The faith of our German brethren was tested to the utmost. at In the kingdom of Mysore three societies are at work, the Propagation Society at Bangalore, the London Mission there and Bellary, and our own at six stations. To the Rev. W. Reeve, of the London Mission, we owe the Canarese Dictionary which was published more than forty years ago, and which, with some additions and alterations, is as perfect a specimen of its kind as is to be found in India. Our own mission-press was long the only one in the district, and as effective and useful as any of the numerous presses in India. "Wesleyan Missions," says the Rev. J. Hutcheon, 66 are strictly itinerant in their character; and consequently the preaching of the Gospel to the adult population in the native languages has always Occupied the largest share of the labours of its missionaries. Still, so far from despising other agencies, it has constantly and systematically employed every means best calculated to reach all the different classes of society. Hence, from the very commencement of the mission, the educational department has received a considerable amount of attention, and some of its missionaries have been specially devoted to this work. These include Anglovernacular institutions, vernacular village schools, and girls' day and boarding schools." The extreme south of the Indian peninsula, comprising Travancore and Tinnevelly, is the most fruitful mission soil. North Travancore belongs to the Church Mission, South and Tinnevelly to the two Church Societies. In North Travancore, as well as in Malabar, is found the ancient Syrian Christian Church whose discovery awakened so much interest at the beginning of this century. It was curious to find here a Christian church, dating back to very early times, completely isolated from everything around, and separated by such a distance from its Syrian birthplace. How or when Christianity came here is unknown. No wonder that the sight of Christian churches and the sound of church bells and liturgies surprised Dr. Buchanan, and led to the adoption of sanguine hopes. At once a scheme was formed to regenerate this ancient church, and from 1816 to 1838 the Church missionaries did their utmost, by education and through the press, to effect this object. The aim was laudable, and formed a pleasing contrast to the cruelties of the Portuguese Inquisition at Goa in earlier days: but it did not answer, though good was done. So the Church Mission at last began to work independently. We have no doubt that greater influence will be exerted by the indi rect than the direct method: "The proximity of the Church missions and the indirect influence which they have continued to exert on the Syrian churches, have prevented the latter from sinking into that condition of utter stagnation which characterised them formerly. And now we hear of a revival of spiritual life among them. The demand for copies of the Holy Scriptures has increased wonderfully; meetings for prayer are held where previously such things were unknown; the Catharas, or priests, are bestirring themselves for the instruction and reviving of their own people, and doing some thing, in some cases, for the enlight- | enment of the heathen around them." The number of Christians in North Travancore in 1871 was fourteen thousand three hundred and six, of whom three thousand three hundred and seventeen were communicants. Of course most of these are of low caste; but the result is matter of thankfulness. Caste is not tolerated. Every Christian must remove the caste-mark, the top-knot of hair, and eat with Christians. Baptism is only administered on these conditions, and when the candidate has proved his fitness in knowledge and conduct. Native agency is largely employed. To ten European missionaries, there are twelve ordained and seventy-six unordained native preachers. The native contributions for the year amounted to £343. The first London missionary in South Travancore was Ringletaube, a most eccentric but most zealous labourer. He laboured from 1806 to 1815 with singular devotedness and success, and then suddenly disappeared, no one ever knew where. He lived at Malâdi in a native hut, "in which the sole articles of furniture were a rude table, two stools and a cot. Here he trained two young men of piety and talent for the ministry." He was indefatigable in travelling, preaching, visiting, baptizing, and in 1812 there were six hundred and seventy-seven communicants. "Scarcely an article of his dress was of European manufacture. He seldom had a coat to his back except when furnished with one by a friend in his occasional visits to Palamcottah. Expending his stipend upon his poor people, his personal wants seem never to have entered into his thoughts. But simply and heartily as this singular man appeared to be given to the instruction of the poor people while he remained among them, in the year 1815, in the full tide of his useful labours, he suddenly left them, no one seemed to know why, only something seemed to have come into his strange head of other more hopeful work somewhere to the eastward. While at Madras, whither he went to embark for that place, he called on the Rev. M. Thompson, with whom he spent an evening, in a very extraordinary costume, for he had no coat even then, though about to undertake a voyage. The only covering for his head was something like a straw hat of native manufacture; yet, wild as was his appearance, Mr. Thompson was greatly interested in his conversation. No one ever knew whither he went, nor was he heard of again.' In a similarly mysterious manner disappeared many years later the Rev. Mr. Schatch, one of the founders of the Chota Nagpore mission, and its chief guiding spirit during all the years of its early history." The mission has had the advantage of other missionaries as excellent, though not as eccentric: the Rev. C. Mault, who spent a long life in it, the Rev. E. Lewis, an excellent Tamil scholar, Abbs, Whitehouse, Cox, Russell, and others. From time to time difficulties have arisen with the native government, but these have been surmounted; and it is remarkable that in the English school at the capital, Trevandrum, supported by the Rajah, the Bible is taught. "The Rajah expended £25 on the purchase of a stock of Bibles for the use of his school." Mr. Sherring has some excellent remarks on the different treatment of inquirers in different Indian missions, which we have not space to transcribe. In the South the scrutiny into motives is less rigid scarcely be too much care in the admission of persons to baptism and to communion; but we need not be so severe in our requirements upon those who are willing to place themselves under instruction and partial oversight. By mildness and encouragement we incur no responsibility, while by harshness we repel many who might be educated to higher motives. The different results in north and south India should be decisive as to which is the right method. In South India "the Mission is filled with Christians more or less sincere, or more or less insincere, as you choose to view them; yet all with their families, having abandoned Hinduism in every form, and having voluntarily placed themselves under regular Christian training. But among the Missions of Northern India there are comparatively only diminutive Christian communities to deal with, and there is little prospect of Christian growth or of numerical expansion, either from inward development or accretions from without." A Travancore missionary, the Rev. F. Baylis, says, "Of those who have joined the Mission, at various times, it is probable that few came from having first experienced a change of heart, or even from having an earnest desire to learn the truth. But by the preaching of the Gospel, the inculcation of Christian truth by means of catechisms, the teaching imparted to the young in schools, especially in boardingschools, and other means, many, we believe, have been brought to Christ, some of whom are doubtless now rejoicing in His presence, and others still, with weak and faltering steps, it may be, but humbly and sincerely walking as His disciples here below. We cannot know what is in the heart, and in most cases can only rejoice with trembling; still we have reason to hope that most of those received as Church-members are true Christians; and a good number of those who have not yet been received into the Church appear, though often ignorant, to be building on the true foundation. Of late strong efforts have been made to exercise a stricter discipline, and not only to remove all unworthy and inefficient agents, but to purge the Mission of all those who do not at least evince desire to know the truth, by a regular attendance on the means of grace, and by walking in accordance with Christian rules." An excellent feature in this Mission, and a proof of the soundness of the methods pursued, is that the rapidity of increase has never ceased. The number of converts added between 1861 and 1871 was nearly ten thousand. The following statistics of the latter date are well worth knowing: Native Christian congregations, 251; native Christians, 32,122; communicants, 2,599; towns and villages containing Christians, 250; ordained native ministers, 11; unordained, 198; Mission colleges and schools, 138; pupils, 4,513; Christian teachers, 139. NORMAN MACLEO D, D. D. BY THE REV. JABEZ MARRAT. MR. MACLEOD'S greatest difficulties at Loudoun, as elsewhere, did not arise so much from avowed | unbelief, as from the apathy of those who made a show of religious belief and profession, yet were as to reli |
