Griebel t. The State, ex rel. Niezer.

The relator replied that Argo was elected auditor of said county of Allen at a general election held on the second Tuesday in October, 1878, for the term of four years, commencing on the 7th day of November, 1878; that, after having given bond and qualified as the law required, he, on said 7th day of November, 1878, took possession of the office, and entered upon the discharge of his duties as such auditor, and so continued for the full term of four years thereafter; that after the expiration of his term of office, to wit, on the 17th day of November, 1882, he surrendered the office to the respondent Griebel, who had been on the 7th day of that month properly elected to the office as the successor of him, the said Argo, and who had previously given bond and qualified as the auditor elect of said county of Allen; that he, the said Argo, so surrendered the office because his term of office had expired, and because the said Griebel was lawfully entitled to the possession of the office as his successor therein, and for no other reasons; that the said Griebel, as such successor, has held said office ever since the 17th day of November, 1882, and for the full term of four years.

Griebel demurred to this reply, but his demurrer being overruled, he elected to stand upon the demurrer, and declined to make further defence. The court thereupon entered judgment in favor of the relator, and ordered Griebel to deliver to him the possession of the office, together with all the books, papers and property pertaining thereto.

Error is assigned upon the overruling of the demurrers to the information and the reply respectively.

An information in the nature of a quo warranto is the appropriate remedy for obtaining the possession of an office to which a person has been legally elected and has become duly qualified to hold. It is also the proper remedy for the removal of the incumbent of an office, who has usurped and illegally continues to hold it, and both remedies may be sought by the same information. R. S. 1881, sections 1131, 1132, 1133 and 1134; 5 Wait Actions and Defences, 259,

Griebel v. The State, ex rel. Niezer.

263; People v. Forquer, Breese (Ill.) 104; St. Louis County Court v. Sparks, 10 Mo. 117; Ex parte Strong, 20 Pickering, 484; Sudbury v. Stearns, 21 Pickering, 148; Lindsey v. Attorney General, 33 Miss. 508; People v. Tibbets, 4 Cowen, 382, and note; Gass v. State, ex rel., 34 Ind. 425.

There is, consequently, no serious objection to the substantial sufficiency of the information.

The reply raises the question as to when the term of a county auditor either begins, or may begin, under the present Constitution of this State, and certain statutes having reference to that subject.

Before the adoption of our present Constitution the office of county auditor was only a statutory office. Section 44 of the 2d article of chapter 7 of the Revised Statutes of 1843, provided that "The county auditor shall hold his office for the term of five years from the first Monday in March next succeeding his election, and until his successor is chosen and qualified." R. S. 1843, 188.

Section 49, of the same article, further provided that when a vacancy should happen in the office of county auditor, the board of commissioners of the proper county should appoint some suitable person to fill the vacancy, who was to hold the office until the next general election, and until his successor was elected and qualified.

Under these two sections, the term of a county auditor, who succeeded a full term, and a regular succession of terms, commenced on the first Monday in March next after his election; but where a person was elected to succeed one who held the office by appointment to fill a vacancy, his term commenced as soon as he was commissioned and qualified, and was ready to enter upon the duties of the office. This was usually within a few weeks after the election, which was then held annually in August, but was not, in the nature of things, uniform as to time. After the lapse of a few years, thereoffice of county auditor, in many of

fore, the term of the

the counties of this State, was, by reason of intervening

Griebel v. The State, ex rel. Niezer.

vacancies, made to begin some time soon after the August election, at which the office was filled, instead of on the first Monday in March next succeeding, and this condition of things existed when our present State Constitution was adopted, which first gave that office a constitutional term, as well as a constitutional status.

The second section of article 6 of the Constitution ordains that "There shall be elected, in each county, by the voters thereof, at the time of holding general elections, a clerk of the circuit court, auditor, recorder, treasurer, sheriff, coroner, and surveyor. The clerk, auditor, and recorder shall continue in office four years; and no person shall be eligible to the office of clerk, recorder, or auditor more than eight years in any period of twelve years," the rest of the section having reference only to the terms of treasurer, sheriff, coroner and surveyor.

The third section of article 15 of the Constitution further ordains that "Whenever it is provided in this Constitution, or in any law which may be hereafter passed, that any officer, other than a member of the General Assembly, shall hold his office for any given term, the same shall be construed to mean that such officer shall hold his office for such term and until his successor shall have been elected and qualified."

The tenth clause of the schedule annexed to the Constitution, for the purpose of facilitating the reorganization of the State government under that instrument, provided that Every person elected by popular vote, and now in any office which is continued by this Constitution; and every person who shall be so elected to any such office before the taking effect of this Constitution (except as in this Constitution otherwise provided), shall continue in office until the term for which such person has been, or may be, elected, shall expire: Provided, That no such person shall continue in office after the taking effect of this Constitution for a longer period than the term of such office in this Constitution prescribed."

Griebel v. The State, ex rel. Niezer.

Under the operation of these constitutional provisions there has never been, since they took effect, any uniformity either as to the time when the term of county auditor begins, or as to when it expires, in the several counties of this State, and this want of uniformity has been greatly increased by the respective changes of the times of holding our general elections which have ensued. The act of May 31st, 1852, R. S. 1881, section 5893, nevertheless declared that a county auditor's term of office should thereafter begin on the first Monday in March next succeeding his election, and the act of March 3d, 1855, Acts of 1855, p. 52, prescribed, amongst other things, that the terms of county auditors should "commence on the first Monday of the month of November, immediately following the general October elections," and fixed that day as the time at which the terms of persons thereafter elected to the office of county auditor should expire.

In the case of Howard v. State, 10 Ind. 99, it was held that the Legislature has no power either to abridge or extend the term of an officer where his term is prescribed by the Constitution, and that, hence, the act of 1855 was in conflict with the second section of article 6 of the Constitution, hereinabove set out, and, for that reason, void.

In the more recent case of Douglass v. State, 31 Ind. 429, the doctrine that the Legislature can neither abridge nor extend the term of an officer which is fixed by the Constitution was reaffirmed, and the invalidity of the act of 1855, as applicable to cases like that of Howard v. State, supra, was again recognized, but the conclusion was then also reached that the act in question might be, and probably was, operative in some cases in which the succession of terms had been broken by intervening vacancies, and that, at all events, it had validity enough to repeal, by implication, so much of the act of May 31st, 1852, as declared that the terms of county auditors should commence on the first Monday in March next succeeding the times of their election.

To the conclusion at which this court then arrived, and

Griebel v. The State, ex rel. Niezer.

as thus stated, we still adhere. We have also reached the further conclusion that the act of 1855 was, in effect, abrogated and annulled by the amendment of the Constitution which changed the time of holding our general elections from October to November. The adoption of a new Constitution repeals and supersedes all the provisions of the older Constitution not continued in force by the new instrument. The same rule applies to amendments of an existing Constitution which are inconsistent with the original text of the instrument amended; also to statutory enactments which are inconsistent with later constitutional provisions embracing the same subject-matter. Pierce v. Delamater, 1 Comstock, 17; Potter's Dwarris Statutes, 113; Sedgwick Statutory Law, 107.

This act of 1855 had special reference only to the terms pertaining to certain offices which had then to be filled at an October election, and when the October election was abolished there was no longer any election to which the act was, in any proper sense, applicable. The case presented, therefore, is one of the implied repeal of a statute by the adoption of an inconsistent constitutional amendment. There is, consequently, no statute now in force prescribing when the term of a county auditor shall be held to begin. On that subject we are remitted to the provisions of the Constitution and of the schedule annexed, to which we have already referred.

Where there has been an unbroken succession of terms from the adoption of the Constitution until the present time, and no general acquiescence in a different day or time, the commencement of a county auditor's term dates back to, and is governed by, the time at which the term of the auditor, who was in office when the Constitution took effect, expired. But where the regular succession of terms has been broken either by intervening vacancies or other incidental causes, the term of a newly elected auditor begins when the regular four years term, or the provisional term, as the case may be, of his predecessor expires, and this results independently of any statute which may have been, or may hereafter be, en